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Pokhran-II was the series of five nuclear bomb test explosions conducted by India at the Indian Army's Pokhran Test Range in May 1998. It was the second Indian nuclear test; the first test, code-named ''Smiling Buddha'', was conducted in May 1974. ''Pokhran-II'' consisted of five detonations, of which the first was a fusion bomb and the remaining four were fission bombs.〔 These nuclear tests resulted in a variety of sanctions against India by a number of major states, including Japan and the United States.〔 On 11 May 1998, Operation Shakti (Pokhran-II) was initiated with the detonation of one fusion and two fission bombs; the word "''Shakti''" (Devanagari: शक्ति) means "power" in Sanskrit.〔 On 13 May 1998, two additional fission devices were detonated,〔 and the Indian government led by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee shortly convened a press conference to declare India a full-fledged nuclear state.〔 Many names are attributed to these tests; originally they were called Operation Shakti–98 (''Power–98''), and the five nuclear bombs were designated ''Shakti-I'' through ''Shakti-V''. More recently, the operation as a whole has come to be known as Pokhran II, and the 1974 explosion as Pokhran-I.〔 ==India's nuclear bomb project== (詳細はnuclear bomb, infrastructure, and research on related technologies has been undertaken by India since World War II. Origins of India's nuclear program dates back to 1944 when nuclear physicist Homi Bhabha began persuading the Indian Congress towards harnessing of the nuclear energy— a year later he established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR). In 1950s, the preliminary studies were carried out at the BARC and plans were developed to produce plutonium and other bomb components. In 1962, India and China engaged in the disputed northern front, and was further intimidated with Chinese nuclear test in 1964. Direction towards militarization of the nuclear program slowed down when Vikram Sarabhai became its head and little interest of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1965. After Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister in 1966, the nuclear program was consolidated when physicist Raja Ramanna joined the efforts. Another nuclear test by China eventually led to India's decision toward building nuclear weapons in 1967 and conducted its first nuclear test in 1974.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pokhran-II」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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